Drug Abuse Prevention Programs - 3138 Words

Running head: DRUG ABUSE PREVENTION Drug Abuse Prevention Programs: Effectiveness of DARE and Project ALERT Drug Abuse Prevention Programs: Effectiveness of DARE and Project ALERT Although drug use among secondary school students appears to have leveled off during the late 1990s, US adolescents continue to use alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana at unacceptably high rates. Among eighth graders, 52% have tried alcohol, 41% have tried cigarettes, and 20% have tried marijuana. By 12th grade these rates are substantially higher, with large numbers of adolescents engaging in regular drug use (Ellickson, Bell, McGuigan, 1993). In spite of numerous programs implemented in elementary, middle, and high schools to prevent drug, alcohol, and†¦show more content†¦The DARE officer is required to undergo 80 hours of special training in the area of child development, classroom management, teaching techniques, and communication skills, combined with an additional 40 hours to prepare them to teach the high school curriculum (Ennett et al., 1994). This training is required of all DARE Officers prior to facilitating a DARE program. A dditionally, this training equips the officer with the knowledge and expertise to answer questions posed by the students, regarding drugs and crime, while in the classroom (Kochis, 2001). Since its initial development and implementation in Los Angeles, DARE has been replicated, expanded, and implemented all over the country. The seemingly overwhelming commitment and support for this program as a drug prevention program for youths is a puzzle. Not only does it come at a time of limited economic resources, but there is little empirical evidence of the success of DARE as a deterrent to drug use (Lynam et al., 1991). Lynam et al. (1991) tracked over 1,000 Midwestern students who participated in Project DARE in the sixth grade. These students were reevaluated at age 20, ten years after receiving the drug prevention education. The study compared pre-DARE levels of cigarette, alcohol, marijuana and illicit drug use of the students to such use at age 20. Although the DARE intervention produ ced a few initial improvements in the students attitudesShow MoreRelatedDrug Abuse Prevention Program Within The United States745 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"D.A.R.E† is an international nonprofit organization. It is the most prevalent drug abuse prevention program in the United States, which is often referred to as the most prevalent drug prevention program in the world! The original D.A.R.E. program was developed in 1983 as part of a joint effort between the Los Angeles Police Department and Los Angeles Unified School District to break the generational cycle of drug abuse, related criminal activity, and arrest. The original curriculum consisted ofRead MoreDrug Abuse and Prevention1510 Words   |  7 PagesOur society’s idea of prevention is to limit the availability of drugs (Hart Ksir, 2011, p. 400), but this is not essentially the best way. Addiction affects everyone. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), substance abuse cost our nation  "more than $484 billion dollars (The National Institute on Drug Abuse ).† So although you might not be directly impacted by drug abuse, as a whole your tax dollars are spent on fighting the war on drugs. Currently there are several differentRead MoreBenefits And Limitations When Prevention Providers Are Looking For Successful Programs Essay1722 Words   |  7 PagesThere are many benefits and limitations when prevention providers are looking for successful programs. The National Institute on Drug Abuse, or NIDA, provides a large research-based guide of the most effective prevention programs. This research should be the number one tool when looking into different types of programs, although it does not include every single program. A common problem in the prevention field consists of registries missing important strategies, including environmental approachesRead MorePreventing Substance Abuse940 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Preventing substance abuse involves developing numerous strategic partnerships. Substance abuse is a multidisciplinary issue, and requires a correspondingly multifaceted and multidisciplinary approach. The strategy for drug abuse prevention must begin with segmenting the market, or analyzing the needs of the community. Is the greatest proportion of abusers in the community youth? If so, what kinds of drugs are most commonly used in the community? Are seniors in the community abusing prescriptionRead MoreTeenage Drug And Alcohol Abuse978 Words   |  4 PagesTeenage drug and alcohol abuse is becoming a major problem in the United States. Abuse of illicit substances eventually leads to an addiction. Drug and alcohol addiction is a disease, and it is contagious. It does not spread through germs; it spreads through families, schools, and communities. There are two youth prevention programs that try to exceed at decreasing the drug and alcohol abuse in teenagers. They are the D.A.R.E. pr ogram and the Serenity House based out of Texas. The D.A.R.E. programRead MoreDrug Prevention And Education : America s Largest And Longest Running Programs Essay985 Words   |  4 PagesWhen it comes to drug prevention and education, it must differ and be carefully designed depending on the age group and other contributing factors to drug use/abuse. One of the world’s largest and longest running programs has had a great impact on society, both nationally and globally. Even if someone has never attended a seminar or been taught a class in their school, a majority of people know or at least have heard of the D.A.R.E. program. This program has a humble beginning and a positive missionRead MoreA Society Without Drugs1263 Words   |  6 PagesA Society without Drugs Have you ever wondered of how wonderful our society would be, if we are able to get rid of Illegal Drug Usage in our community? Despite having tough anti-drug laws, the U.S. has the highest level of illegal drug use in the world. As per the World Health Organization s survey of legal and illegal drug use in 17 countries, U.S report the highest level of drug usage (CBS news). The second-most abused category of drugs after marijuana among young people is the usage of prescriptionRead MoreExecutive Summary America s Most Popular Anti Drug Program Essay801 Words   |  4 Pagesmost popular anti-drug program D.A.R.E. has created an uproar. The D.A.R.E. program had many issues the main one being its ineffectiveness. How could the most widely used drug prevention program in the United States be deemed ineffective? What went wrong? â€Å"The prevention of drug abuse is an especially salient topic for school psychologists and other educational professionals. Schools are the primary setting for providing education and information aimed at the prevention of drug abuse. Previous meta-analyses†Read More The Drug Abuse Resistance Education Program Essay958 Words   |  4 PagesThe Drug Abuse Resistance Education program known as D.A.R.E has become a very widespread and popular program throughout the United States. The program appeals to all ethnic, racial, and socioeconomic lines, which is a large part of the reason why the DARE program has grown exponentially. The program’s basic premise was meant to introduce kids to the danger of drugs, before the drugs got to them. The implementation of the DARE program appeared to be what America needed to begin to put a dent inRead MoreDrug Of Drug And Drug Abuse1538 Words   |  7 PagesDrug Resistance Drug use has become an increasing problem among high schoolers and teenagers around the same age. Ever since the drug war of the 1900s, drugs have been a major problem in today’s society. â€Å"Use of drugs such as opium, morphine, and other byproducts were common in twentieth century America† (Dobkin, 1998). While most students in standard high school drug education know about the use of coca leaves in Coca-Cola and the opium trade in China, drug addiction during the century is much

Shakespeares 10 things Essay - 1200 Words

1. Betrayal and revenge 2. Metaphors of death-King Lear, Merchant of Venice, Othello 3. Humor- A Midsummer Nights Dream, As You Like It 4. Pastoral settings- Ling Lear, A midnight Summers Dream 5. Madness and insanity- Othello, Midnight Summer?s Dream, King Lear 6. Reversal- the main character falls from a high place 7. Letters- King Lear, Merchant of Venice 8. Things are not as they appear- King Lear, Merchant of Venice, Midsummer Night?s Dream 9. The Father/Daughter Conflict-Midsummer, King Lear, Merchant of Venice 10. Justice- King Lear, Merchant of Venice The Father/Daughter Conflict- In Midnight Summers Dream, Egeus commands Hermia, his daughter, to wed Demetrius, whom she does not love. Against the advisement of the†¦show more content†¦is the villain in the play. It is not by accident that he is mentioned in the letter in this way. In King Lear, Goneril plots to kill her husband through a letter to Edmund delivered by Oswald. Edmund frames his brother Edgar with a letter that appears to conspire to kill Gloucester, their father. It is here that the audience sees how conniving and calculated Edmund really is and there is no room for sympathy of the character. Things are not as they appear- Disguises are tools William Shakespeare uses to hide or mask inner and outer appearances. In The Merchant of Venice, disguises are used throughout the play by different characters for varied reasons. The ?lottery of the caskets? in Merchant of Venice is an excellent example the theme; Things are not as they appear. Portia?s suitors must choose from caskets of gold, silver, and lead in order to win her hand in marriage. The choice of the lead casket not only wins the fair Portia, but it is also indicate the suitor is intelligent and of substance: not superficial and materialistic. Raised as a Jew, Jessica disguises herself as a pageboy to cover up her identity and embark on a forbidden marriage to Lorenzo, a Christian. This act of defiance refuses her not only her religion, but also her father, Shylock, a Jewish usurer. At the introduction of Jessica?s character, the audience may be inclined to pity the daughter of the main villain in the play, who is accused of greed and usury;Show MoreRelatedEssay on Shakespeare Authorship Controversy1504 Words   |  7 PagesShakespeare, the man who wrote 37 plays and more than a hundred sonnets, is known throughout the world. Many people consider him one of the best English playwrights of our time, others say that he was a genius. William Shakspere was born in Stratford-upon Avon in 1564 and died in 1616 at the age of 52. In the mid-19th century, questions had arisen about the Shakespeare authorship controversy, and many scholars wondered whether Shakspere, the man from Stratford, wrote the plays. Ralph W. EmersonRead MoreThe Taming Of The Shrew1132 Words   |  5 Pagesthemes and ideas they must over come the boundaries of differing contexts and explore the strong parallels between them. Shakespeare’s play â€Å"The Taming of the Shrew† (1590-1592) was composed during the Elizabethan era in contrast to Gil Junger’s â€Å"10 Things I Hate About You† (1999) set around 1990s America. Although the diverse time periods their correlating plots are indicators of appropriation and pronounce an intertextual relationship. Both of these texts explore universal themes of gender rolesRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Sonnet 30960 Words   |  4 PagesShakespeare s writing about love is exceptio nally deep and intensely layered with numerous implications and utilization of rhyme and metaphors. The power of feeling, the profundity of thought, and serious creative energy are all to be found in his sonnets. Shakespeare s Sonnets clarify the value of human relationships by showing that friendship can end one’s own sadness, that love should be commemorated, and that marriage between true minds is loyal and consistent. â€Å"But if the whileRead MoreSonnet 751084 Words   |  5 PagesBoth Spenser s Sonnet 75 and Shakespeare s Sonnet 19 similarly claim to bestow immortality upon the beloved. Despite similar themes, however, these sonnets contrast sharply. Spenser s sonnet ostensibly reports a conversation between the poet and his beloved, whereas Shakespeare s sonnet directly addresses personified time, and shows the greater dramatic flair. Spenser s first two words, One day, eschew drama by setting his poem in a vague and unparticularised past. Line 1 tellsRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Fraud1164 Words   |  5 PagesShakespeare the Fraud? Shakespeare was a playwright from Stratford upon Avon who had arguably the most significant influence on English literature and language. His works are still acclaimed to this day for their divine superiority, although debate has risen over the authenticity of his authorship. According to Dobson, reasons for doubting that William Shakespeare was in fact the author of his works include theories that he lacked the education, aristocratic awareness, or familiarity with the royalRead MoreA Wretch but for Love: Shakespeare’s Sonnet 91 Essay1208 Words   |  5 Pagesthis sonnet is the incomparable value of the young man’s love. For Shakespeare, the pleasure of the young man’s love is greater than any other pleasure. His rejection of worldly pleasures for the greater joy of love also appears to highlight a distinction Shakespeare wants to make between true wealth and poverty. In doing so, he insinuates a social criticism about the notion of what is truly valuable in this world. Shakespeare emphasizes these points through the structure of the poem, which employsRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Influence On Modern Culture1090 Words   |  5 Pages Sam Ebersole Mrs. Ruiz English 9A Period 1 19 November 2015 Shakespeare s Influence on Modern Culture William Shakespeare is one of the world s most influential people to ever live. â€Å"BBC audience survey names Shakespeare as Britain s Man of the Millennium.† (Andrews 2) Shakespeare’s works continue to be evident globally in modern society. Hundreds of years after William Shakespeare’s death, his influence continues to make an effect in the modern day English language, modern movies andRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Taming Of The Shrew1180 Words   |  5 PagesWilliam Shakespeare s ‘The Taming of the Shrew’ is a controversial comedy that has more than 1 interpretation. The 2 prominent interpretations is that it a misogynistic play or that it is a love story about a man liberating a woman. This play has been adapted into any movies the 2 that were studied were ‘The Taming of the Shrew’, produced in 1967 and ‘10 Things I Hate About You’, made in 1999. Upon viewing these 2 movies I found that ‘The Taming of the Shrew’ had a great deal of misogyny throughoutRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Life And The Elizabethan Age Essay1474 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeare was the great poet, actor, and playwright from the Elizabethan age. William Shakespeare was born on April 23, 1564 and would then die exactly fifty two years later. Throughout time, his plays have continued to grow in popularity and notoriety. Many of the saying first penned by William Shakespeare, we still use today. Such lines as; â€Å"As good luck would have it (The Merry Wives of Windsor), Dead as a doornail (2 Henry VI), Full circle (King Lear), and Milk of human kindness (Macbeth)†Read MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet1304 Words   |  6 PagesShakespeare has been known for the use of old English and deeper meanings between the lines of all of his work. He is most known for Romeo and Juliet, the Tragedy of Othello, and especially his one hundred and fifty four sonnets. Sonnets are a 14-line poem that rhymes in a particular pattern. The sonnet, like any other work of Shakespeare, is very difficult to interpret and even more difficult for the poet to write himself due to the restrictions of length. Sonnets 1-126 start off with the affection

Starbucks Brand Introduction Of Starbucks - 1924 Words

Brand Introduction Starbucks was established in 1971 via partners, Jerry Baldwin, Zev Siegl and Gordon Bowker, that were inspired to sell premium coffee product offerings (Starbucks, n.d.). The early years of Starbucks is much different from today considering the firm began as a coffee machine and coffee bean distributor. Roughy a decade later the three partners sold Starbucks to Howard Schultz, which forever changed the direction of the company (Starbucks, n.d.). Shortly after Schultz gained ownership of Starbucks, the firm began to sell premium brewed coffee that the world knows and loves today. After the initial launch of brewed coffee, Starbucks did not expand its product offering for many years. As the company grew in popularity the†¦show more content†¦The firm’s marketing efforts has helped the brand to become regarded as a premium supplier of coffees and a brand that consistently delivers a memorable experience (Starbucks, n.d.). Over the years, Starbucks has become synonymous with corporate social responsibility. The firm s sustainability efforts have focused on the following three facets: community, ethical sourcing and the environment. Starbucks has always taken a collaborative approach with regard to environmental sustainability because the corporation believes it is easier to obtain goals when working with others. The corporation works with non-profit organizations, policy makers, competitors and others in an attempt to advance initiatives that Starbucks and its allies believes are having a significant impact on the entire foodservice industry (Starbucks Global Responsibility Report, 2013). It is apparent that Starbucks is more than a coffee brand. They are a company that brings together consumers from various communities to enjoy coffee. Moreover, Starbucks aims to create a memorable experience for each customer that visits the store. Lastly, the firm is a role model for corporate social responsibility for firms within and outside of the coffee industry. Brand Audit Starbucks’ named was inspired via the â€Å"first mate in Herman Melville’s Moby Dick† (Starbucks Company Profile, 2015). The firm’s logo was inspired via the sea and thus, it features aShow MoreRelatedStarbucks Chap 7 Malhotra1121 Words   |  5 Pages Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall. STARBUCKS: Staying Local While Going Global Through Marketing Research Named after the first mate in the novel Moby-Dick, Starbucks is the largest coffeehouse company in the world. As of 2010, there were more than 16,700 stores in over 50 countries including more than 8,850 company-operated stores and more than 7,850 licensed stores. The company’s objective is to establish Starbucks as the most recognized and respected brand in the world. It expects to achieveRead MoreEssay about Case Brief- Starbucks: Delivering Customer Service623 Words   |  3 PagesCase Brief- Starbucks: Delivering Customer Service Introduction Starbucks is a successful premium coffee retailer. Its target market sets as well-educated, white- color patrons between the ages of 25 and 44. There are three components of the brand, live coffee, service, and atmosphere. However, its brand image is losing while they focus on retail expansion. SWOT analysis [pic] Define the problem Starbucks loses its original image for target and customer satisfaction. Identify the alternativesRead MoreStarbucks974 Words   |  4 PagesWho are the target markets for starbucks? How do they differ from those of other coffee shops? Starbucks primarily targets coffee drinkers. These segments comprise of adults, young adults and Kids and Teens. Starbucks offers its customers a total brand experience which stretches beyond the consumption of the bevergae. The experience includes excellent customer service, gold card loyalty program, specialty coffee drinks, unique drink names, its dedication towards social responsibility, elegant lookingRead MoreStarbucks Corporation and Brand Loyalty955 Words   |  4 PagesStarbucks Corporation and Brand Loyalty In today’s highly competitive business markets, a consumer’s loyalty to a brand often adds reassurance to the company’s stable and lasting position in the marketing world. As the new year continues to unravel, brands must maintain strong marketing strategies in order to keep their current buyers interested as well as capture the eye of new buyers. Brand loyalty after all, is the consumer’s conscious and unconscious decision, expressed through intentionRead MoreStarbucks s Marketing Plan For Starbucks1554 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction and Overview Founded in 1971 at Pike’s Place Market in Seattle, Washington, Starbucks coffee went from a high-quality, do-it-yourself whole bean retailer to an international 6.4 billion dollar empire. As of 2005, there were 10,500 stores worldwide where customers could enjoy a cup of the internationally recognized coffee at a convenient location. Starbucks achieved this through a series of strategic movements all while offering a great in-store experience and quality coffee. AfterRead MoreChallenges Faced By Starbucks : Swot Analysis1547 Words   |  7 PagesID: NAME: SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY: DATE: TABLE OF CONTENTS Part 1.1 Introduction of the report Overview of the company Products adapting strategy Problems associated with clients Challenges faced by Starbucks Part 1.2 Situational analysis SWOT analysis PESTEL analysis Mc Kinsey 7s ASSESSMENT 5 PART 1.1: INTRODUCTION OF THE REPORT: In this section we have to discuss the company brief introduction such as how the company is facing client’s problems and how this company suggestsRead MoreNadler and Tushmans Formula to Restructure the Starbucks Corporation764 Words   |  3 PagesNadler Tushmans formula to restructure the Starbucks Corporation Introduction According to Nadler Tushman, there are six strategic imperatives for future organizations: the need to focus the companys business portfolio; abbreviate strategic life cycles; create go-to-market flexibility; enhance competitive innovation; and manage intra-enterprise cannibalism (Nadler Tushman 1999). One company that is must restructure itself is the Starbucks Corporation, which has begun to eliminate unprofitableRead MoreStarbucks Case Study Analysis1304 Words   |  6 PagesCase Study Analysis: Starbucks: Delivering Customer Service Anitra Joiner Marketing 300C.1 Dr. Laura Pogue May 29, 2011 Specialty-coffeehouse culture is well interwoven into the fabric of American society at this point and we can thank Starbucks for ushering in the phenomenon. Back when three coffee connoisseurs assembled to open the first Starbucks store in Seattle, I’m sure they could not imagine its behemoth future. With the vision of Howard Schultz, Starbucks has grown to become oneRead MoreStarbucks Brand1422 Words   |  6 PagesStarbucks Corporation: Managing a High Growth Brand 1 One of the main keys for success for Starbucks in building the brand is their focus on quality, starting by the quality of the whole bean, the freshly roasted gourmet beans, its packaging, transportation, until its brewing. This has served as a main differentiator between Starbucks and other brands. Starbucks has succeeded to position itself as a unique quality coffee provider. Starbucks also managed to build its brand with the perceptionRead MoreSwot Analysis Of Starbucks1275 Words   |  6 Pages Starbucks Coffee SWOT Analysis Boyd Watson Columbia Southern University â€Æ' INTRODUCTION Starbucks Coffee Company is known on a global level for its retails stores, specialty operations, packaged coffee and beverage brands. They are the largest coffeehouse business in the world that has made huge advancements in all the major markets. Starbucks Coffee chain is strong but it always facing major threats in various markets around the world. For Starbucks to keep up with a competitive advantage

Organizational Behaviour for Intellectual Teamwork- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theOrganizational Behaviour for Intellectual Teamwork. Answer: Working in a group is an important part for team-building activities, as well as for the fulfilment of the organizational goals. As a member of a team, I need to follow certain rules and regulations, to be a good team player. The benefits of working in a team include the joint efforts being given on a single task, such that the fulfilment of the goals could be done successfully (Becker, 2014). Moreover, I am able to understand the perspective of my team members, along with my point of view. The group that I worked in was very helpful and cooperative. Each member was courteous to each other and they understood the perspective of each other. However, one challenge that I faced while working in the group, was the lack of understanding of each others point of view. The opinion differences among the members of the group were seen (Tawfik et al., 2017). However, we all respected the opinion and the differences of opinion of each other. One issue that I faced while communicating in the grou p was the conflicts that we faced due to differences of opinion. Each of us tried to establish our opinions as the strongest, thus resulting in conflicts (Galegher, Kraut Egido, 014). The task performances were facilitated by the group members. We discussed the tasks among ourselves, thus helping to complete the task successfully. The discussions with the team members were fruitful in successful completion of the tasks. The discussions were focused on the fulfilment of the tasks, and how we could enhance our performances (Galegher, Kraut Egido, 2014). We ensured that we entered into a group discussion on a regular basis, once every week. In case of urgent discussion, I also insisted on meeting twice a week. The leader of my team was an efficient and effective leader. The guidance he provided to us helped all the team members to understand their role. The decision-making capability of the leader of our team was high and most of the decisions taken by him resulted in the enhancement of our group performances (Galegher, Kraut Egido, 2014). However, at times I, along with my team-members did not have the similar opinions as that of our leader. Thus, differences of o pinion were seen in our team. The contributions of each of the members of the team were significant and important. Each member of the team was clearly communicated about the roles and responsibilities that they have and we all ensured to fulfil the roles assigned to us. The assignment 1 boosted my confidence in working in teams. This is because; I worked successfully as a team member and supported the other members as well. I have learned how to communicate with the team members successfully. Moreover, I have understood the importance of team-work, over individual work. I gained confidence in being a successful team-worker. Without the successful completion of the assignment 1, it was not possible to boost my confidence as a team member. I have learned about the various skills that I need to develop as a team member. Along with good command in communication, I have learned to control my emotions. The three strategies that are recommended in order manage my own practices as a team worker includes the work interdependency. I have to be dependable by the other team members as an active member of the team. I need to carry out the role given to me effectively, such that the other team members can rely on me. The output produced by me will be used by other team members, and hence I need to ensure the fulfilment of my role. Another strategy is the clarity in communication (Becker, 2014). This plays a key role in a group. Lack of clarity in communication will result in misunderstanding of the tasks, thus leading to delay (Beebe Masterson, 2014). I need to ensure that I communicate effectively in order to be a good team player. I need to ensure that I communicate with the team members at a regular basis, updating them with the latest progress. Control of emotions has a major role to play in the group work. It is recommended that I have good control over my emotions, such that my posi tive or negative emotions do not have impact on the group work. Emotions might lead to interpersonal conflicts, thus hampering the environment of the group as well as delay in the task. So, as a good team player, I need to have controlled expressions of my positive or negative emotions. References Becker, L. (2014). Working with groups.Social Work/Maatskaplike Werk,43(2). Beebe, S. A., Masterson, J. T. (2014).Communicating in small groups: Principles and practices. Pearson Higher Ed. Galegher, J., Kraut, R. E., Egido, C. (2014).Intellectual teamwork: Social and technological foundations of cooperative work. Psychology Press. Tawfik, D. S., Sexton, J. B., Adair, K. C., Kaplan, H. C., Profit, J. (2017). Context in Quality of Care: Improving Teamwork and Resilience.Clinics in perinatology,44(3), 541.

Evaluation of Challenges Facing Working

Question: Discuss about the Evaluation of Challenges Facing Working. Answer: Introduction The fundamental perception is that career women are discriminated right at the recruitment stage. Men are not ready to admit that women are as capable as they are to be their colleagues at any level of management apart from the few limited one referred to as the five Cs. That is, cashiering, catering, cleaning, caring and clerical work (Pletzer et al., 2015). Women engaged in such portfolios are perceived to work for pin money. That is, earn an extra income that does not necessarily contribute to the major budget of a household. Therefore, their income is considered as secondary income. As a result, womens potential is basically underestimated which leads women to have a propensity to settle for less demanding careers despite their qualifications. Research done on women and management has established in their bid to advance their careers they are influenced by issues of culture and religion. This is normally misinterpreted and therefore contributes a significant role on the advancement of women developing their careers (Metcalfe, 2006). Scope of the Study This paper will evaluate the various challenges faced the women in their bid to advance their career. It will cover factors relating to culture, organizational factors, religion, and family related factors such as balancing family life and career. The researcher will evaluate these specific factors since previous research has determined them as the major deterrents that cause women fail to advance their careers. Objectives of the Study The aim of this study therefore will be an evaluation of the challenges faced by working women in career advancement. It will be guided by the following specific objectives: 1) to establish whether organizational factors is a challenge to career advancement of working women in an organization; 2) to establish whether individual factors are a challenge to career advancement of women in an organization; 3) to determine whether cultural factors is a challenge to career advancement of women in an organization and; 4) To determine whether balancing work and family life is a challenge to working women in career advancement of women in an organization. Gender Imbalance in the Workplace The major disparity between men and women is based on age, job experience and work attributes. Currently, women are entering the job market and a big number are becoming entrepreneurs as the community gradually recognizes women as a vital economic resource. Unlike in the past, women are presently competitive in managerial portfolios but are limited in developing their career (Ghimire, 2006). There is a shortage of female leaders. This partly due to stereotyping and discriminating women in the offices. In their bid to advance their careers, women are faced with intangible barriers. These barriers have been termed as the glass ceiling. This is a term that refers to invisible or intangible artificial barriers that avert people from progressing with a company and achieving their potential (Weyer, 2007). The question therefore is, does the slow rate of women advancement in their career caused only by gender discrimination or stereotyping or are there other underlying reasons? Studies have shown that this is not necessarily the reason. In some studies the slow progression of women in career is caused by among other things their career choice. Research suggests that women choose careers that guarantee mobility, control over work sequences and also careers that give them a sense of accomplishment. In addition, women are known to put family first than men do over their work. Evidence of sexual stereotype is still experienced in the workplace. The phenomenon of overrating men and underrating women job seekers is widespread. Women are discriminated in terms of remuneration, promotion and their bid to raise the ranks in management in regardless of the job. The gap in gender is evident in the working lives of women even before they assume maternal responsibilities. Managers are hesitant to recruit younger married women for fear that they may soon start a family. They prefer older married women whose child-bearing duties are finished (Cole and Kelly, 2011). Several studies have described the unending discriminatory perception that female managers are collective; apply womanly management approach compared to men who apply a more competitive and business oriented approach. Montana et al. (2008) notes that women usually feel unfairly discriminated when it comes to promotions. Research reveals that in an environment of male dominated work place, women managers lack the multiplicity of experience in comparison to men. Women are prevented from promotions in their path towards corporate excellence through gender inequality, cultural and dissatisfactory promotion procedures. This negatively influences womens general work satisfaction. Very few companies make an efficient endeavor in helping women by providing information concerning training and career advancement programs. In Arab countries, culture directs that the fundamental role of a woman is in private domain. According to research, conservative perception of a womans role is still evident although there is a gradual shift towards a more liberal approach (Mostafa, 2005). Gradually, and particularly through the continued advocacy of equal education, the traditional or conservative perception of women is shifting towards accepting women as capable managers Summary and Gaps to be Filled by the Study The literature reviewed above has highlighted the various challenges faced by women in their bid to advance their careers. Factors related to structural organization in the workplace in terms of gender, stereotyping and discrimination of women have been reviewed. This study therefore aims to expound on the gaps identified in previous research by replicating the study in Australia. Research Questions Based on the review of the related literature and the objectives of the study, the research questions will be as follows; Primary Question What are the challenges facing working women in career advancement in an organization? What are the effects of organizational structure towards career advancement of working women in an organization? What are the effects of individual factors towards career advancement of women in an organization? How do gender cultural practices affect career advancement of women in an organization? How is balancing work and family life a challenge to working women in career advancement in an organization? Research Methodology This will be a quantitative study aimed at evaluating the factors associated with challenges faced by working women in their bid to advance career. The study will utilize a case study descriptive research design and will utilize primary data to be collected using a self -administered questionnaire. This is a scientific research carried to explain an incident or event. This method is preferable since it allows collection of information from the respondents in their natural surroundings thereby increasing a probability of a higher response rate (Brown, Hesketh and Williams, 2003). The researcher will select a large corporation such as Woolworths Group, Australia. A sample is a representation of the entire population that is used to infer to that population. The sample represents the population only to the extent that it consists of the same basic attributes from which it is drawn (Hossea and Rwegoshora, 2014). According to Mugenda and Mugenda (2003), 30% sample is considered representative of the population. The study will employ the stratified proportionate sampling technique since it ensures a high degree of representation of all the strata. This sampling method will be used because data needs to be collected from various departments and not just one department of the company. The sample size will be determined according to the total number of employees in the organization. Thirty percent of the entire population (30% of the total number of employees) will form the target population. Simple random sampling will then be used to select participants from each department based on availability. This formula will be employed; a/bc=z where; a is the number of employees in a department b is the total target population c is the sample size z is the number of respondents obtained from each department Project Plan Table 1: Work Plan ACTIVITY WEEK 1 WEEK 2 WEEK 3 WEEK 4 WEEK 5 WEEK 6 WEEK 7 WEEK 8 WEEK 9 WEEK 10 WEEK 11 WEEK 12 Problem formulation Literature review Proposal Writing Proposal submission Data collection Data analysis Research writing Research submission Research defence Questionnaire Design The questionnaire will be divided into five sections. Namely; Demographic information: age, marital status, level of education. The other four sections will include information related to the research questions. The researcher will utilize primary data by use of semi-structured questionnaire that will have both closed and open-ended questions. Data Analysis and Presentation After collection of data, questionnaires coded and stored in raw form. It will thereafter be analyzed using excel or any other statistical analysis tool such as Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). Data will then be presented in text, pie charts, graphs, and tables. References and Bibliography Brown, P., Hesketh, A. and Wlliams, S. (2003) Employability in a Knowledge-driven Economy,Journal of Education and Work, 16(2), pp. 107126. Chanfreau, J. E. et al. (2011). Maternity, paternity and women returns survey 2011. : Department of Work and Pensions. Cole, G.A. and Kelly, P. (2011)Management Theory and Practice. 7th edn. South Western: Cengage Learning. Ghimire, B. (2006). Working women in the Middle East: A look into career women in the Middle East. internal business. Hossea M.M., Rwegoshora, (2014). A guide to social science research 2nd Edition. Mukuki na Nyota Publishers Macrory, I. (2012). Measuring national well-being. Households and families . Office of National Statistics,, . Metcalfe, B.D. (2008) Women, management and globalization in the middle east,Journal of Business Ethics, 83(1), pp. 85100. doi: 10.1007/s10551-007-9654-3. Montana, P.J., Charnov, B.H., Chartnov, B.H. and Hyman, B.M. (2008)Management (Barrons business review series). 4th edn. United States: Barrons Educational Series Inc.,U.S. Mostafa, M.M. (2005) Attitudes towards women managers in theUnited Arab Emirates,Journal of Managerial Psychology, 20(6), pp. 522540. doi: 10.1108/02683940510615451. Mugenda O and Mugenda A. (2003) Research Methods: quantitative and qualitative approaches. Nairobi, Kenya. African Centre for Technology Studies. Pletzer, J.L., Nikolova, R., Kedzior, K.K. and Voelpel, S.C. (2015) Does gender matter? Females on corporate boards and firm financial performance - A Meta-Analysis,Academy of Management Proceedings, 2015(1), pp. 1237012370. doi: 10.5465/ambpp.2015.12370abstract. Weyer, B. (2007) Twenty years later: Explaining the persistence of the glass ceiling for women leaders,Women in Management Review, 22(6), pp. 482496. doi: 10.1108/09649420710778718. Woolworths Group (2016)Woolworths Group. Available at: TEAHTTPS://WOW2016AR.QREPORTS.COM.AU/HOME/PERFORMANCE-HIGHLIGHTS/2016-AT-A-GLANCE.HTMLMTEAM (Accessed: 30 January 2017).

Working With The Homeless Social Work Essay Essay Example

Working With The Homeless Social Work Essay Essay Using recent research discuss how recent attacks have sought to undertake the lodging and homelessness jobs and critically analyse, utilizing modern-day studies and policy proclamations, how the late elected Conservative and Liberal democrat alliance authorities may impact these attacks. Nobody should be made homeless by controversial cuts to lodging benefitsaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦I do nt believe it will be necessary for anybody to travel without a place David Cameron, UK Prime Minister, ( BBC, 28/10/10 ) . In 2008, due to assorted grounds, there was a terrible addition in defaults on sub premier mortgages in the U.S.A. This caused a deficit of financess available for loaning that meant loans became impossible to acquire. What we now call the banking crisis spread throughout the remainder of the universe and brought the universe to its articulatio genuss. The affect in the UK resulted in the trouble in obtaining mortgages ; house monetary values fell and the state entered what is considered the worst recession since the Great Depression of 1929. We will write a custom essay sample on Working With The Homeless Social Work Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Working With The Homeless Social Work Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Working With The Homeless Social Work Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In June 2010, elections were held in the UK and the Coalition Government ( Conservative and Liberal Democrats ) came into power with a shortage of ?155 billion one of the worst shortages as a per centum of GDP in the universe ( The Telegraph, 19/2/10 ) . The new Government decided on severe steps to cut down the state s shortage and in October 2010, the alliance s comprehensive disbursement reappraisal ( CSR ) was published. Equally shortly as the cuts were announced, several taking homelessness charities urged the Government to rethink the cuts to the benefits budget as they feared the consequence it would hold on the vulnerable and declared that the CSR is a catastrophe for the really people ; who are most deserving of the Governments support ( BBC, 22/10/10 ) . This essay will endeavor to discourse the impact of the late elected alliance authorities on the homeless and those administrations that help and back up them. Since the debut of the Homelessness Act ( 2002 ) , there has been a dramatic decrease in the figure of homelessness applications made to local councils in England. Likewise, the lessening seen in Wales has been since the debut of the Welsh Assembly Governments revised National Homelessness Strategy in 2005. The impermanent adjustment provided to the homeless which are usually in bed and breakfasts and inns have been reduced by the Government and since 2002 the preferable method has now been to utilize the private sector. In add-on, the 2006 Homelessness Order introduced a set of criterions for impermanent adjustment and whether the adjustment was suited to run into the demands of the person/s, nevertheless this has farther added to the addition in private sector leasing. ( Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2009, online ) . Although the figure of homeless have reduced with the debut of policies, schemes and Acts, it has still been left largely to the 3rd sector, and the funders of the charities, to go on presenting front line services that support vulnerable people who find themselves trapped in the revolving door of homelessness . There has besides been a dramatic betterment in the handiness of services that have ensured that the most vulnerable people in society are supported and which facilitate people in developing their accomplishments that will enable them to construct a better life for themselves. Agencies such as Shelter, Crisis and Sitra, and many other voluntary and community sector organsations around the UK have ensured that support has been available for people to assist them settle into lasting places, maintain their occupancy ; happen employment ; manage fundss and reconstruct their assurance. Assorted charities such as Turnaround and A Chance 2 Work have taken on the function of suppl ying preparation ; assisting people with procuring suited adjustment ; signposting them onto bureaus where they can farther develop their accomplishments and besides frequently supplying a Centre where people can run into, be active, and have a sense of community ( Homeless Link, online, 2010 ) . Additionally Shelter support a figure of voluntary undertakings, ( such as Fab Pad and Starter Packs both in Scotland ) , which work with the homeless and besides supply advice, information and protagonism to people in lodging demand and indefatigably run to stop homelessness ( Shelter, 2010 ) . However the CSR has now influenced cardinal authorities support which in bend has affected local authorization ( LA ) support ; private sector lodging ; the lodging market reclamation and decreased support for registered societal landlords. Changes to lodging benefits, with caps on payments to be introduced, eligibility standards and proposed alterations to societal lodging term of office and loss of secure support for lodging plants all have changing deductions harmonizing to LA disbursement programs. These may include rent additions for societal renters ; reduced entree to LA equity release merchandises ; less suppport for traveling and increased force per unit area on twosomes and individual older people to travel out of household sized places across term of office. It is argued that these severe steps will probably coerce households from their places and metropoliss, into debt, onto the street and could do 1000s of people to be made homeless in the UK ( Cocks, Care and Repair, 20 10 ) . The National Housing Federation ( NHF ) claim that decreases in payments for people claiming Jobseekers Allowance could go forth a big figure of the 4.7 million claiming lodging benefit with less disposable income to run into the cost of necesseties ( such as nutrient and public-service corporations ) which could take to a steep rise in evictions and up to 202,000 people losing their places, despite what the Prime Minister says ( BBC, 04/07/10 ) . Although it sounds sensible that individual people under 35 on lodging benefit will non be able to acquire adjustment on their ain, it will be hard for people such as domestic force victims to portion houses with others. Natalie Peart ( 2010 ) points out in the November issue of the Pavement that it is a strong possibility that after the immense stairss which Glasgow City council has taken to better impermanent adjustment by traveling people from out-of-date inns into supported occupancies in existent places could all but disappear and the big homeless inns could return because of the cuts in benefits and allowances. In add-on, Murray ( Libdem, 2010 ) states that the complex agreements that have changed sing the principal of the computation of lodging benefits will go forth many people with less benefit to afford the rent in private sector places and will further ensue in many going homeless. He goes on to reason that unless more low-cost places are built with the right substructure and integrated into bing communities, so many people will be left behind. The consequence of the current alliance authorities s policies will intend more overcrowding, more wretchedness and more people kiping on our streets ( Libdemvoice, online, 2010 ) . Although Shelter welcomes the Governments proclamation that the homelessness and Supporting Peoples ( SP ) grants have been left untasted, it is to be remembered that the SP budget was once pealing fenced, but lost its protection in 2009 and can still be raided by other council sections. They further argue that these grants merely meet the demands of the people who are in the worst state of affairss and does non assist the 1000000s of people who already face the on-going battle to happen and maintain a nice low-cost place, particularly with the rise in unemployment and autumn in disposable income ( Shelter, 2010 ) . Cirencester Housing for Young People have already lost their SP support and this raises the inquiry whether the charity will last ( Homeless Link, online, 2010 ) . Kent Council for illustration has admitted that it is trusting to do significant nest eggs when they re-tend the SP contracts and there are rumors that the figure of SP contracts will be dropped from 72 to 22 w hen the re-tendering procedure Begins ( Inside Housing, online, 2010 ) . As LA s have had their portion of grant support badly cut from cardinal authorities, funding grants usually given to the 3rd sector have been either significantly reduced or withdrawn. This in bend has caused redundancies or working hours being reduced in frontline staff and is impacting how charities are able to assist those that are either at hazard of being homeless or are stateless. The lodging charity Sitra advised that a figure of governments have already implemented terrible decreases to disbursement on lodging related support ( Sitra, online, 2010 ) and harmonizing to Mr Sinclair ( main executive of homelessness charity Broadway ) many charities are being asked by the LA s to cut down the cost of the service by 10 15 % with a intimation that if they are unable to, the charity could be dropped from the contract and the service put out to tender. This would intend that smaller charities which are non in a stable fiscal place would hold to shut if they cut monetary values on bi ng contracts or lose out to cheaper commands. The charity Framework obviously states that the disbursement cuts will impact them greatly. They already have a immense waiting list and they are unable to, at present, do plenty for stateless people with farther support cuts. The loss of staff and the possible closing of the Centre will intend that local homeless people will hold nowhere to travel ( Framework, online, 2010 ) . Even local administrations such as the Citizens Advice Bureaux, Opening Doors, Warrington Community Law Centre and Age Concern Mid Mersey are already covering with an tremendous work load, which has meant working beyond their capacity and, since the CSR, has seen a immense addition in the figure of people through their doors. Without the administrations that provide advice, information, security and support for people to travel into their ain place, enable them to populate independently and guarantee that they do non go homeless once more, many people that 3rd sector bureaus presently support will stop up bac k on the street. Harmonizing to the Conservative Blueprint for Undertaking Homelessness ( 2008 ) , the Conservative Party was committed to undertaking homelessness in society and understand that in order to decently turn to this issue we must travel beyond covering with it strictly as a job of lodging and alternatively accept the multi-faceted nature of homelessness . As portion of the solution, all relevant Whitehall sections including Housing, Work and Pensions, Health and Justice and Defence would be turn toing the issue of homelessness. Similarly the Broad Democrats housing and homelessness pronunciamento included providing much needed aid to those who are fighting at the borders of society by making 1000s of occupations and supplying much needed low-cost lodging to do a existent difference to those who do non hold shelter. The pronunciamento stated that protecting and assisting vulnerable people would stay at the top of their docket ( Broad Democrats, online, 2008 ) . However one time the CSR was announced, it became clear that the rough budget cuts might non guarantee that homelessness remains a precedence on the docket when, for illustration, the disposal budget for most sections was to be slashed by 33 -35 % ( HM Treasury, 2010 ) . Campbell Robb, main executive of the lodging and homeless charity Shelter argues that a sequence of authoritiess has failed to turn to our lodging crisis and today s proclamations suggest the alliance has steadfastly joined them in denying duty for an full coevals s ability to entree decent, secure, low-cost lodging . He continued to state that it was a immense blow to see that lodging which was one of the most basic demands for every individual individual in the UK was confronting some of the biggest cuts in the CSR ( Daily Mirror, 21/10/10 ) . The significant lessening in support for lodging will go forth 100s of 1000s of people on the waiting lists for a nice place. New council house renters will hold to pay well more with rents lifting to 80 % of the market rate and with merely 150,000 new places being built over the following four old ages, warnings that the figure of stateless people will lift hold been repeated by taking charities ( Daily Mirror, 21/10/10 ) . Although the authorities has committed to constructing 150,000 low-cost places, this is about a cut of 30 % from current degrees. The mark set by the authorities of 3 million new places by 2020 is improbable to be met as it means 240,000 places should be built every twelvemonth something that has non been achieved since the early 1990 s and is non on the current docket ( Joseph Rowntree Foundation, 2009 ) . Mr Robb ( NCH, 2010 ) criticised Mr Osborne s opinion on lodging, adding that the proposed figure of up to 150,000 low-cost places over four old ages repres ents less than a 3rd of what this state desperately requires to convey the lodging system from its articulatio genuss. However constructing new places will non work out the homelessness crisis or even stop the ceaseless lodging demand in Britain it is far more complex than that. We are still confronting an addition in birth and divorce rates, addition in length of service, people traveling in and out of institutions ( such as prisons, infirmaries, psychiatric arrangements and immature people go forthing attention ) , increased Numberss of refugees and refuge searchers and in-migration from states within and outside of the European Union all continue to be lending factors to homelessness. Angela Kail ( 2010, online ) discussed the impact of the CSR and the 7 % cuts to LA s on charities working in the community sector and argued that the cuts will spell the terminal for local community charities . Many charities will confront closing or cutbacks and will hold to curtail the type, and degree, of services that they can offer ; the figure of people that they can assist and back up, and causes service suppliers to be unable to do long-run programs. Robert McGeachy ( NCH ) argued in 2006 that the 3rd sector are progressively supplying more intensive support over a longer period when demands are non being met elsewhere, nevertheless services being provided will go limited due to miss of support and this is more of a world in today s economic clime ( NCH, on-line 2006 ) . The demand for voluntary sector services will doubtless increase greatly, merely as budgets are cut or affected by new support governments and the homelessness sector will hold to believe about how it can supply more support to vulnerable people with less. However, a study has shown that 63 % of community and voluntary sector administrations plan to cut staff Numberss over the following three months which will do this proposal even more of a challenge ( CVS, online, 15/10/10 ) . Additionally services that are thought to be nice-to-have such as those that develop community development, those that work towards battling fiscal exclusion and societal isolation and those that are similar to others that are being delivered by other homeless services suppliers will non last. Partnership and collaborative working between administrations is now more needful than of all time and it may be the lone manner some charities are able to last to go on back uping vulnerable people. The support cuts are likely to do extremist alterations and charities will hold to confront shriveling in size or unifying with larger charities that are financially more unafraid otherwise they will merely neglect one time they have run out of options. Cathy Pharoah ( 3/11/10 ) argues that this will be the clip when many 3rd sector administrations will necessitate aid with these alterations such as covering with the practicalities of undertaking or closings, redundancies and service reconfiguration. However with the closing of the Regional Development Agencies, and the decreases in Cabinet Office support for substructure organic structures, this aid will non probably be available and the extremist alterations will be even more distressing for some. Jeremy Swain ( main executive of Thames Reach ) suggests that the most of import inquiry of all is will stateless people besides end up paying a rough monetary value? ( Inside Housing, online, 2010 ) No affair who pays the monetary value, it is argued that the budget cuts were necessary in order to cut down the state s public shortage. Grant Shapps ( Minister for Housing and Local Government ) says that by non doing the difficult determinations in order to cut down the shortage, mortgage rates would lift still higher and do houses less low-cost. The involvement refunds on ?1 trillion of debt would take money off from frontline services, cut down future investing and finally stultify the UK. With the loss of about half a million public-sector occupations some say closer to 750,000 ( Sunday Times, 2010 ) , it is possibly fortunate that the alliance Government decided to protect the Homelessness grant by puting ?400 million, and that the decreases to the SP programme has been minimised, with ?6.5bn investing secured over the following four old ages. The Government is cognizant that low-cost lodging for those who can non afford to run into their ain lodging demands remains indispens able and a more flexible system of low-cost lodging will be adopted to run into the different demands of people. Simply put, given the immense force per unit areas on public fundss and the economic fortunes that we face, methods to do limited public investing travel farther demand to be found. Despite the fiscal restraints, the Government will still be puting about ?6.5 billion of the taxpayer s money into lodging, with ?4.5 billion to fund new low-cost places. They besides intend to supply ?200m so that the Mortgage Rescue strategy can remain unfastened to back up vulnerable householders threatened with repossession and a farther ?100m to convey empty places back in usage ( Shapps, 2010 ) . However will this be adequate to cut down the figure of people who are already stateless, those at hazard of going homeless in the hereafter whilst still work towards eliminating homelessness? Since the CSR was announced, everyone interviewed by the BBC seems to be in favor of the budget cuts every bit long as it does non impact him or her. The rough world is that for the following few old ages, everyone will be affected in one-way or another and it is non the first clip that something has happened, such as the election of a new authorities ( albeit it be a alliance ) that will impact attacks and policies in topographic point with respects to undertaking the lodging and homelessness jobs that Britain has faced over the last 20 old ages. The CSR will decidedly hold an inauspicious affect on the full state and harmonizing to the homelessness charities, more so on those that are vulnerable, homeless or at hazard of going homeless. Charities that work with and for older people, kids, carers, young person wrongdoers, ex-service work forces and adult females, those with mental wellness issues merely to call a few are all stating the same and contending for their ain corner nami ng on the Government to rethink the disbursement reappraisal as the cuts will be impacting their most vulnerable service users. Which are the few that need to be sacrificed to maintain the state from crumpling? We may non be ready for the disbursement cuts and revenue enhancement additions, but we now have no pick and something demands to be done to acquire the state off from the threshold of bankruptcy. WORD COUNT 2961

Essay Topics For Placement Test

Essay Topics For Placement TestOn the topic of essay topics for placement test you will find that the best choice will always be questions from the course syllabus. This is because these types of questions are either commonly used or are chosen due to their overall quality.While it can be tempting to attempt to use essays as essay topics, these kinds of essays are too long and tedious to write them without breaking a sweat. If you need to find essay topics for the placement tests that are not in the syllabus, there are a few ways to go about it.The first way is to write and rewrite your essay topics yourself. Once you have gone through each lesson and made sure that you know what is expected of you, begin brainstorming. Use your head to come up with topic ideas that you would like to discuss in the essay, or that will draw upon the knowledge you have gained in the class.To make sure that you come up with unique and personal essay topics for the placement test, or for the actual test itself, you should ensure that they come from something that you feel very strongly about. At the same time, try to remain true to the overall tone of the class.For example, if you want to examine how the course teaches students to read properly, you could focus on the main idea of the course, which would be that students must understand the written word as a whole. The rest of the topics for placement test could then be built around this theme.The goal is to actually use the course material to help you understand certain key terms. This is one way to learn about the concepts that you are studying, as well as expand upon the specific courses concepts.The other great thing about topics for placement test is that they can give you plenty of practice for the actual test itself. Even if you do not think that you have the ability to write a good topic for the test, you can always put together an outline that you can follow throughout the entire writing process.Of course, the easiest way to create topics for essay topics for the placement test is to have someone write them for you. In fact, many test preparation services have dedicated professionals that can easily do this for you for a fee.